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The four waits a sign-in can stop at

A sign-in that fails does so at one of four points, and the four behave nothing alike on a clock. Naming the point is the whole diagnosis; everything after that follows from which window is open.

1. A code or message that has been requested but has not arrived: this is a delivery wait, and it belongs to the network carrying it rather than to the sign-in screen.
2. A code that has arrived but is refused: check the validity window before checking the digits, because a correct code entered after its window has closed behaves exactly like a wrong one.
3. Repeated attempts refused in quick succession: this is a counter rather than a fault, and counters reset on their own.
4. A temporary restriction after several attempts: nothing needs to be requested for it to lift, and requesting anything usually restarts it.

Delivery: a wait that belongs to something else

The gap between requesting a one-time code and seeing it is not part of the sign-in at all. It belongs to whatever is carrying the message, and it varies with that carrier rather than with anything on the screen that requested it. Two requests made a minute apart can arrive in a different order for exactly that reason.

This is the wait most often cut short. A second request is issued because the first has not landed, and the second usually invalidates the first — so the message that eventually arrives is the one that no longer works, and the one that does work arrives afterwards and is ignored.

The workable habit is to request once and give delivery a normal interval before deciding anything. If two codes are already in flight, use the newest and disregard the rest, because the older ones stopped being valid the moment the newer one was created.

Validity: a correct code can still be refused

Every one-time code has a window, and the window is short by design. Outside it the code is simply not a code any more, and the screen cannot distinguish that from a mistyped one — both produce the same refusal, which is why the digits get checked repeatedly while the actual cause is the clock.

The signature is recognisable once you know it. A code that fails immediately after being typed carefully, from a message that has been sitting unread for a while, is almost always a window problem rather than a typing one.

Requesting a fresh code is the correct response here, and it is the only stage where requesting again helps rather than hurts. The cost is one more delivery wait, which is short and predictable.

Counters: refusals that are counting rather than judging

Several refusals in a row are not several independent verdicts. They are entries in a counter, and the counter is what eventually produces a different outcome from the same input. This is why the fourth attempt can behave differently from the third even though nothing about what was typed has changed.

Counters reset on their own after a quiet interval. Nothing has to be requested and nothing has to be confirmed; the interval simply has to pass without anything being added to it. Every additional attempt inside that interval extends what was going to expire.

The practical rule is to stop before the counter matters rather than after. Two failures with the same input mean the input is the problem; a third attempt with the same input adds a count and no information.

Restrictions: the wait that ends only if left alone

A temporary restriction is the one state in this sequence that is deliberately time-based. It exists to make repetition expensive and it is designed to end by itself, which means it is also the only stage where doing nothing is a complete strategy.

It is also the stage where doing something is actively counterproductive. Anything that adds another attempt is another entry, and a restriction that was minutes from lifting becomes a restriction that starts again from the beginning.

The recognisable difference between this and everything above is that the message does not change with the input. A refusal that stays identical no matter what is entered — including something deliberately wrong — is a restriction rather than a rejection, and the clock is the only thing that will resolve it.

What to do at each of the four waits

1. Nothing has arrived: wait one normal delivery interval before requesting anything, and if two are in flight use only the newest.
2. A code was refused: check the age of the message before the digits, then request a fresh one — this is the only stage where requesting again helps.
3. Two attempts have failed with the same input: stop. A third adds a count and no information.
4. The refusal no longer changes with what is entered: that is a restriction, and only time resolves it.
5. Leave a restriction completely alone. Every further attempt restarts the interval that was about to expire.
6. Note the time of the first failed attempt; without it, none of the intervals above can be measured afterwards.

Windows and intervals are not published as fixed figures and none are invented here. The point is which waits end by themselves and which do not.

Four waits, four different rules

Two of the four rows resolve themselves if nothing is done. In three of the four, retrying makes the wait longer than it was.

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